# Copyright 2019 D-Wave Systems Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
# =============================================================================
import itertools
try:
import collections.abc as abc
except ImportError:
import collections as abc
from dimod.binary_quadratic_model import BinaryQuadraticModel
from dimod.decorators import graph_argument, vartype_argument
from dimod.vartypes import BINARY
__all__ = 'combinations',
[docs]def combinations(n, k, strength=1, vartype=BINARY):
r"""Generate a bqm that is minimized when k of n variables are selected.
More fully, we wish to generate a binary quadratic model which is minimized
for each of the k-combinations of its variables.
The energy for the binary quadratic model is given by
:math:`(\sum_{i} x_i - k)^2`.
Args:
n (int/list/set):
If n is an integer, variables are labelled [0, n-1]. If n is list or
set then the variables are labelled accordingly.
k (int):
The generated binary quadratic model will have 0 energy when any k
of the variables are 1.
strength (number, optional, default=1):
The energy of the first excited state of the binary quadratic model.
vartype (:class:`.Vartype`/str/set):
Variable type for the binary quadratic model. Accepted input values:
* :class:`.Vartype.SPIN`, ``'SPIN'``, ``{-1, 1}``
* :class:`.Vartype.BINARY`, ``'BINARY'``, ``{0, 1}``
Returns:
:obj:`.BinaryQuadraticModel`
Examples:
>>> bqm = dimod.generators.combinations(['a', 'b', 'c'], 2)
>>> bqm.energy({'a': 1, 'b': 0, 'c': 1})
0.0
>>> bqm.energy({'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 1})
1.0
>>> bqm = dimod.generators.combinations(5, 1)
>>> bqm.energy({0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 0, 4: 0})
0.0
>>> bqm.energy({0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 0})
1.0
>>> bqm = dimod.generators.combinations(['a', 'b', 'c'], 2, strength=3.0)
>>> bqm.energy({'a': 1, 'b': 0, 'c': 1})
0.0
>>> bqm.energy({'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 1})
3.0
"""
if isinstance(n, abc.Sized) and isinstance(n, abc.Iterable):
# what we actually want is abc.Collection but that doesn't exist in
# python2
variables = n
else:
try:
variables = range(n)
except TypeError:
raise TypeError('n should be a collection or an integer')
if k > len(variables) or k < 0:
raise ValueError("cannot select k={} from {} variables".format(k, len(variables)))
# (\sum_i x_i - k)^2
# = \sum_i x_i \sum_j x_j - 2k\sum_i x_i + k^2
# = \sum_i,j x_ix_j + (1 - 2k)\sim_i x_i + k^2
lbias = float(strength*(1 - 2*k))
qbias = float(2*strength)
bqm = BinaryQuadraticModel.empty(vartype)
bqm.add_variables_from(((v, lbias) for v in variables), vartype=BINARY)
bqm.add_interactions_from(((u, v, qbias)
for u, v in itertools.combinations(variables, 2)),
vartype=BINARY)
bqm.add_offset(strength*(k**2))
return bqm